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www.titlovi.com

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CENTURIES OF WARFARE

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BLOOD AND MUD
TRENCH WARFARE IN THE WEST

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By the beginning of September 1914,
and French and German attempts

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to win quickly at
in the western color, they are clearly falling apart.

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French incursions into Lorraine,
as part of the Battle for the Borders,

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they were repulsed with many casualties.

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And the penetration of the German wing
to Belgium and northern France

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it is increasingly difficult to contain. The westernmost
German forces have passed

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east instead of west of
of Paris and thus their wing was exposed.

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Hastily assembled French
the army on the battlefield is transported by taxis.

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The result is a miracle on the Marne that
saves the French capital.

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The Germans must retreat
to the Aisne, but they are still determined

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to quickly knock out France how
would devote themselves to the Russians in the east.

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The crayons are Swiss made
borders to the north of Paris.

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But north of Noyon to
the Belgian coast is an empty space.

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If the Germans manage to attack the allies
from the wings, they can still decide the war.

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The allies want the same, after
recent successes around Paris.

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The Belgians are retreating to the west yes
join the French and British.

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Both sides are marching in parallel
to the north and the Race to the Sea begins.

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It seems that there is war again in
movement - mobile warfare.

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Every attempt by one side to
the second jumps off the wing, bounces off.

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The whole month goes on with the markup
short attacks, with increasing casualties.

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In the middle of October, the Race ends
on the coast not far from Nieuport.

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Determined to break through, the Germans will
pierce the thin allied line.

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The Germans are massing their forces.

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The Allies dig in quickly.

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After studying the defense,
The Germans choose an area to attack.

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They choose the historical center
of the Belgian Ypres wool trade

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where since October 1914
wedge in German positions.

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The French troops held
the north side, the British the south.

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The Germans decide to occupy the south.

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The Germans have been shelling the tank for three weeks
stretched line of allied defense.

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In desperation, they send not enough to attack
trained young volunteers.

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They are only progressing
in hand-to-hand combat,

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and they fall cut down by machine guns
and rapid fire.

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The Germans came later
called the Massacre of the Innocents.

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The Allied line barely held out.

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due to heavy losses, it is considered
grave of the regular British army

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which changes forever.

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Ypres is a symbol of British perseverance
to keep a shallow ridge around it

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instead of retreating to a shorter line
of defense, which is more logical from a military point of view.

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Ypres is also the last German attempt
to win quickly in the west.

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The Germans decide to go on the defensive
and switch to the eastern color.

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But it is more important that it will come
3 years Defense prevails.

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Soldiers attacking through the obliterated
space defense in trenches

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armed with machine guns and rifles
repeaters, they suffer terribly.

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Exhausted and confused,
both sides tighten the trenches.

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Soon a continuous trench is formed
from Switzerland to the North Sea.

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The era of trench warfare begins.

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winter 1914 - 1915
extremely abundant rainfall.

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They are mostly occupied with that
to prevent flooding in trenches.

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The Germans are trying
the more comfortable to place,

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and the allies know that
they must attack in the spring,

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they don't allow the soldiers to
relax and lose their attacking spirit.

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that's why they have trenches
mostly very modestly equipped.

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On Christmas Day 1914, a general
fraternization on the lower ground.

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Allied commanders
they forbade it to ever happen again.

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Trench warfare meant
that new skills need to be mastered.

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Patrols and snipers dominate.

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Thorny grass often
they set up open fires.

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Construction of trenches
it is developing into a true art.

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A new weapon appears.

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Rovovski pitchers pass very well
explosive bombs from trench to trench.

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Grenades are the main infantry weapon.

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The first ones are made from
empty cans and bottles.

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Large machine guns are clumsy
for handling in a narrow trench.

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Lighter automatic weapons are being developed
like the British Lewis gun.

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There is also French chauchat.

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Enemy trenches in some places
are only 90 meters away.

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Any visible movement during the day
provokes enemy fire.

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that's why it works at night.

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The day is for rest and recovery.

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The soldiers are getting used to the new
warfare, and politicians and generals

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in the winter they plan to break the stalemate.
They think in two ways.

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As the bulk of the German forces in
To France and Flanders, Westerners

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they claim that it is their decisive blow
should be set on the western color.

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Easterners, headed by the minister
war by Winston Churchill,

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they say that because of the stagnation in the west
the allies must break through elsewhere.

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The result failed
attempt to conquer the Dardanelles

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and ejection from the game
German allies of Turkey.

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In the meantime, they are in the west
Boji�tu planners are very diligent.

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Allied commander, phlegmatic
Joseph Joffre, called Pope,

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in February 1915 he issued a directive.

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The French will at the same time
hit on Artois and Champagne,

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the edges of the great German wedge.

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In order to stop the Germans
connections, will also fall into Lorraine.

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The British should export limited
attack as support around Artois.

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The first allied spring offensive

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performed in mud and deep
the snow of the mountains of Lorraine.

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The form is for the next 3 years. war.

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First the barrage fire
destroys enemy trenches.

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it is thought to destroy the prickly pear
The river and the trench, and to demoralize.

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A rush across the low country follows.

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This includes breaking through
I will run in front of the defended trenches.

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Soldiers fall all the time
under the fire of machine guns and rifles.

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then in the trenches comes
to bloody hand-to-hand combat

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bayonets, knives and axes.

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Rare surviving attackers
they must be quickly established.

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If he doesn't do it quickly, he will throw it out
them and will suffer new losses

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in an inevitable counterattack.

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Messages are most often conveyed by messengers.
Many do not live in the lower country,

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so impatient commanders
they don't know what exactly is happening.

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Clausewitz's fog of war.

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That's why small groups attack
they are stranded and perish.

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The reserve units are attacking
in the same place and everything repeats itself.

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The dead and wounded pile up until
attackers are not forced to stop.

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By analyzing the failure of the first
attack, the allies conclude

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that before the attack they are not enough
destroyed the German network of trenches.

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We need more artillery for much longer
bombards the trenches before the assault.

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It's easier said than done!

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Polish guns like the French 75,

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German 77 mm,
and British from 18 pounds,

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they do not contain enough explosives
in grenades for large destruction.

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The French and British have
relatively few big guns

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which are often
outdated and imprecise.

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And the Germans since the beginning of the war
they have many big guns

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because they needed them for a breakthrough
through the Belgian border forces.

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Even worse, until 1915, the British
have used up ammunition stocks

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and every cannon was allowed to spend
only two charges per day.

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Just a newspaper magnate lord
Northcliffe supports the British government

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to build urgently
more ammunition factory.

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Many women work in the new factories

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which are increasingly taking over
traditionally men's jobs.

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This is a significant progress in women's
the fight for gender equality.

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It is the same in others
countries that are at war.

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Towards the end of April 1915, the Germans
they introduce a new and dangerous weapon: gas.

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This happens in the colored eye
Ypres, and the type of gas is chlorine.

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The first victims were the French troops
The fleeing Algerians are suffocated.

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The Germans were just experimenting and
they did not fully use it to attack.

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Just thanking you
to the desperate move of the Canadians

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who urinate in handkerchiefs and use them as
masks, disaster is avoided.

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The fighting continues for another 4 weeks.

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By the end of that battle done
are real gas masks.

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Since then, the gases are chlorine and mustard gas
a sign of the war on the western front.

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In the meantime, the French are starting
another violent attack on Artois

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after 4 days of firing 1200 guns

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while the British attack the hills
around Aubers and Festubert.

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Again the fog of war means that it will begin
they don't take advantage of successes in time

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and the Germans are certainly better
buried than at the beginning of the year.

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Both sides have more and more victims.

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Germans and French
continue to make forced investments,

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but the British still� 
they do not introduce general military service.

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They mainly rely on
Kitchener's Volunteers,

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the so-called New armies that on
They arrived at the battlefield in the spring of 1915.

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They endured months of frustration
during training in England,

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including insufficient equipment, a
many spend the winter in �ators.

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But they are in a great mood. An opportunity
that the evidence is obtained in September.

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Joffre is still obsessed with the color palette
between Artois and Champagne.

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Again calls for great attacks there,
and the British agree to attack Artois.

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They occupy key positions on 25 September,
after 4 days of bombing.

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First the British attack the code
Loos and break through the German lines,

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but Commander Sir John French
keeps clipboards too far in the background.

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They start to attack after a long march

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and now already collected German
defense, causes them great losses.

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A favorable opportunity was lost.

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That's why French is being replaced
he is succeeded by Sir Douglas Haig

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who remains in charge until the end of the war
British commander in France.

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Despite the stronger artillery, the offensive
in Artois it makes little progress.

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She promises at first in Champagna,

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but mainly because the Germans
retreats to the second line of defense.

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As soon as she faced her,
the French army was stopped.

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Those unsuccessful autumn offensives
250 thousand victims stand as allies,

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and the Germans have 140 thousand dead.

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Plans are being made again while armies are being formed
they are preparing for the second winter in the trench.

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Plans for 1916
allies end in December.

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They foresee simultaneous offensives
on the left and west sides,

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and the Italians who
joined the war in May 1915.

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Joffre gives up on
attacks on the German flanks

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and decides to go on the offensive
the very top, near the river Somme.

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The British, who are with the colonial
troops growing stronger in France,

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they should attack the north
from the river, and the French to the south.

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The Germans also planned.

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They did not have decisive success in
battles against the Russians during 1915.

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That's why Erich von Falkenhayn,
Minister of War and Commander-in-Chief,

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again decides to attack in the west.
Britain is his real enemy,

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but he thinks it's better to attack her
the strongest ally France

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and so that hers
the army bleeds out.

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He is looking for a place that means something to the French
so much so that he will defend it to the death.

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He focused on ancient fortresses,
symbols of French history.

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He chose Verdun.
It stands on the river Meuse,

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in the middle of two concentric circles
fortress and seems impregnable.

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Until then, he participates little in the war

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and many are cannons
moved to more active colors.

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The Germans attack on February 21, 1916.

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Cannons don't just hit outsiders
forts, some of which they occupy.

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They hardly damage
and Verdun itself.

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It seems that the Germans have little
missing to conquer Verdun,

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but the French are still holding on.

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Reinforcements are coming soon,
but the movements of soldiers and supplies

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makes it difficult
there is only one road.

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Only by superhuman efforts
they keep the holy road open.

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But the French are determined to keep it
that increasingly desolate landscape.

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Verdun becomes a symbol of France
perseverance, like the British Ypres.

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The fighting continues
from month to month

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while both sides
attractive fresh divisions.

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for what week or just a day, from
only their remnants emerge from the battle.

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The battle finally ends in December.

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Each side has
350 thousand victims each.

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Both are exhausted,
none of them gave way.

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Despite the debt and
to the bloody bloodshed,

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the allies still insist on
offensives in 1916. And they started it.

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The only difference is that it is a battle on
Somme and Water is mostly British.

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The British group up in the spring
on the limestone hills of Picardy.

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They are stockpiling ammunition
and belief rules

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that he will crush the Germans and that he will follow
decisive Allied victory.

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June 24, 1916

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more than 1500 guns constantly
beats 32 km of German trenches.

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22 British are gathering for the attack
and 8 French infantry divisions.

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Three cavalry divisions that are not
got a chance in that trench warfare

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stands ready behind the painting
in order to continue the breakthrough.

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The attack starts a week later,
on the sunny morning of July 1.

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British sanders do not believe that they would
anyone survived 7 days of bombing

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to which the Germans were exposed.

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Soldiers climb the outer ones
trenches, each carrying 8 kg of equipment.

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A little before 7:30 a.m., a fire broke out in the barracks
reaches the final crescendo and falls silent,

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Official whistles sound,
The sand comes out of the trenches

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and advances to lower ground.

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Observers see them disappear in smoke,

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but the defensive lines are intact,
and the machine guns were quickly installed again.

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The attack was stopped. Done
is the same as the length of the British battle line.

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A day that started with a big one
hope, ends disastrously.

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00:23:10,560 --> 00:23:15,159
The British have 19 thousand dead
and more than 35 thousand wounded.

224
00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:22,119
That's how much Wellington had in 6 years.
war with Spain 100 years ago.

225
00:23:22,120 --> 00:23:26,279
Only the French are south of
The Somme achieved its goal on the first day,

226
00:23:26,280 --> 00:23:29,479
with a lot of help from thick fog.

227
00:23:29,480 --> 00:23:36,480
They have relatively small losses
and more than 4000 prisoners.

228
00:23:38,680 --> 00:23:43,839
On the evening of July 1, the British draw
the wounded, often just because

229
00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:50,840
The Germans agree to
local truce in the lower country.

230
00:23:55,640 --> 00:24:00,759
Distracted by the torment, they survived
they wonder what went wrong

231
00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:07,760
while they sit in the trenches that are in front of them
who left the class full of optimism.

232
00:24:13,640 --> 00:24:19,559
Due to weak connections, it took some time
the generals find out what happened,

233
00:24:19,560 --> 00:24:24,439
but even then they must not stop.
They must not let the Russians and Italians down,

234
00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:31,440
and they have to reduce the pressure
to Verdun, which is almost suffocating.

235
00:24:37,360 --> 00:24:41,519
That's how it starts
one battle to exhaustion.

236
00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:47,839
Infantry battalions in a few days
they also lose 3 quarters of 1000 soldiers.

237
00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:54,840
The remaining withdrawals to renew
strength and return to the vortex of war.

238
00:25:02,880 --> 00:25:07,039
Names such as Thiepval,
Gommecourt, High Wood,

239
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:11,319
Montaban and Beaumont
Hamel, whose ruins you see,

240
00:25:11,320 --> 00:25:14,479
they become synonymous with blood and suffering.

241
00:25:14,480 --> 00:25:18,559
Summer was approaching autumn.

242
00:25:18,560 --> 00:25:23,839
They are only in the mud of the month of November
The British finally stopped the attacks.

243
00:25:23,840 --> 00:25:30,840
In 4 and a half months they progressed
at most 11 km, with 600,000 victims.

244
00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:55,280
But the Germans have it too
also big losses.

245
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:09,520
This is how 1916 ends. Will 1917
be any better for any side?

246
00:26:17,560 --> 00:26:23,319
Winter 1916 - 1917 in the west
boji�tu is one of the coldest.

247
00:26:23,320 --> 00:26:26,519
The ground is frozen until mid-April,

248
00:26:26,520 --> 00:26:30,839
and the trenches
diseases are spreading alarmingly.

249
00:26:30,840 --> 00:26:34,999
The killing doesn't stop
Even at that time of lull.

250
00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:39,159
Artillery, trench shells,
fire from machine guns and snipers,

251
00:26:39,160 --> 00:26:46,160
and falls into the trenches for weeks
lists of victims are never short.

252
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:05,039
But morale is still not broken.

253
00:27:05,040 --> 00:27:12,040
The two parties compensate
heavy losses in manpower and weapons.

254
00:27:19,560 --> 00:27:26,560
The British must introduce a general military
obligation because volunteers are running out.

255
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:35,079
New faces appear at the top.
New Prime Minister David Lloyd George

256
00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:42,080
Wants to replace the commander in
to France, but Haig is overlooked.

257
00:27:43,320 --> 00:27:48,199
In France, on the other hand, Joffrey lo�e
strategic thinking takes turns

258
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:55,200
and it is succeeded by a polished one
Robert Nivelle who knows English.

259
00:27:56,160 --> 00:28:00,319
German von Falkenhayn, na
shots on the left, pay for failure

260
00:28:00,320 --> 00:28:05,119
near Verdun. He is succeeded by Paul von
Hindenburg and Erich von Ludendorff,

261
00:28:05,120 --> 00:28:10,759
winners at
Sixth color 1914.

262
00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:14,919
They understand that in 1916
The Germans have heavy losses

263
00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:19,079
because they are too stretched
all over the western color.

264
00:28:19,080 --> 00:28:23,559
He decides to be defensive,
but also on shortening the line of defense.

265
00:28:23,560 --> 00:28:27,719
they spend the winter building
noticeable defensive positions

266
00:28:27,720 --> 00:28:32,319
from reinforced concrete and primarily
in front of the British positions.

267
00:28:32,320 --> 00:28:39,320
Allies believe they are draining
Germans, and they also have new weapons.

268
00:28:46,760 --> 00:28:51,039
The British mostly in 1915.
and the first half of 1916.

269
00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:56,479
are developing an armored vehicle capable of
to cross trenches and barbed wire.

270
00:28:56,480 --> 00:29:00,639
The result is a tank, so called
for security reasons because they are

271
00:29:00,640 --> 00:29:07,199
the first models transported by trains
as water tankers for the Middle East.

272
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:11,599
He is in France until the end of August
In 1916, 16 tanks were transferred.

273
00:29:11,600 --> 00:29:18,600
Next month, they will make their debut on the color board
Somme, with varying success.

274
00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:26,879
The French eagerly embrace the new
weapons and produce their own models:

275
00:29:26,880 --> 00:29:30,559
Schneider,

276
00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:33,479
St. Chamond

277
00:29:33,480 --> 00:29:40,479
and then a light Renault,
the first tank to have a turret.

278
00:29:40,480 --> 00:29:45,159
At first, tanks served the British
for direct support to fishing,

279
00:29:45,160 --> 00:29:49,959
and the French primarily
are considered mobile artillery.

280
00:29:49,960 --> 00:29:56,960
All the early models are very
slow and mechanically unreliable.

281
00:29:59,920 --> 00:30:06,920
But the Renault light tank
it is much faster and more agile.

282
00:30:18,120 --> 00:30:25,120
Nivelle comes up with a concept of how to
break through the German defense one day.

283
00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,319
While the Anglo-French forces
holding the Germans north of the Oise,

284
00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:34,639
the main blow will be given to them in the hills
and the woods of the Chemin des Dames,

285
00:30:34,640 --> 00:30:38,439
immediately south of the river Oise.

286
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:42,719
After a long and devastating
bombardment of 300 cannons,

287
00:30:42,720 --> 00:30:47,079
including massive railways,
the French prisoners would attack

288
00:30:47,080 --> 00:30:53,799
which automatically go forward
in order to maintain the advantage.

289
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,959
An offensive is needed
started in April 1917,

290
00:30:57,960 --> 00:31:02,399
but the Germans are the first in March
withdraws to new lines of defense.

291
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:06,799
They surprised the allies and
their sluggish start to the attack

292
00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:13,800
many did not help at all
traps left by the Germans.

293
00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:21,880
This makes retreat redundant
offensive north of the Oise.

294
00:31:21,960 --> 00:31:28,079
Nivelle still insists on the offensive.

295
00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:32,239
That's why the British on April 9
at night they attack near Arras.

296
00:31:32,240 --> 00:31:39,240
3000 guns this time
He trampled the German trenches for 5 days.

297
00:31:42,120 --> 00:31:45,279
The first day is a spectacular success.

298
00:31:45,280 --> 00:31:51,279
The Canaanites occupy the high ground
Vimy Ridge. There are no other moves.

299
00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:58,280
60 tanks led
is walking to the finish line.

300
00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:04,319
It breaks through many tanks
anti-tank ammunition,

301
00:32:04,320 --> 00:32:08,639
and others get bogged down.

302
00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,839
Attack on the Chemin des Dames
was supposed to start the same day,

303
00:32:12,840 --> 00:32:17,199
but it was postponed because the cannons
they did not cause enough damage

304
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:24,200
and that is why the bombing was prolonged.

305
00:32:32,200 --> 00:32:39,200
The French attack only on April 16,
after 9 days of cannon fire.

306
00:32:54,320 --> 00:32:58,799
The Germans know about the plan and have it
three well-established defensive lines,

307
00:32:58,800 --> 00:33:02,959
as well as numerous applicants
ready for a counterattack.

308
00:33:02,960 --> 00:33:09,960
And they perform it very effectively.

309
00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:24,439
The French immediately have big ones
losses, and progress very little.

310
00:33:24,440 --> 00:33:31,440
Nivelle persistently continues to
end of April, and the victims are piling up.

311
00:33:32,080 --> 00:33:39,080
The medical system is also falling apart
so the wounded die without care.

312
00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:47,439
After the ordeal of Verdun, the Chemin des
Dames is the last straw for the soldiers.

313
00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:50,599
At the beginning of May, the uprisings began

314
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:57,600
and the unit refuses more and more
make senseless attacks.

315
00:34:00,720 --> 00:34:03,879
The French government rushed Nivelle

316
00:34:03,880 --> 00:34:08,039
and replaces it
Henri Petain, hero of Verdun.

317
00:34:08,040 --> 00:34:11,319
The rebellion spreads to 16 corps.

318
00:34:11,320 --> 00:34:18,320
Petain realizes that the army is coming
recover only defensively.

319
00:34:23,720 --> 00:34:27,959
French and German revolts
submarines that threaten to cut off

320
00:34:27,960 --> 00:34:34,960
the supply of the British, they make spring
1917 was gloomy for the Allies.

321
00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:40,759
A little hope still smiles.

322
00:34:40,760 --> 00:34:44,919
United States of America
entered the war on April 6, 1917.

323
00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:48,119
Although they are an immense source of manpower,

324
00:34:48,120 --> 00:34:52,279
it will take months
take positions on the battlefield,

325
00:34:52,280 --> 00:34:59,280
although the first, led by General Black
Jack Pershing, arriving already in June.

326
00:35:05,560 --> 00:35:10,279
Petaina worries that the Germans will
take advantage of the state of the French army

327
00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:15,919
and attack.

328
00:35:15,920 --> 00:35:20,439
so he seeks the help of Douglas Haig
and his five British armies.

329
00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:27,440
They have to attack in order to
They distracted the Germans.

330
00:35:30,080 --> 00:35:34,319
Haig was already planning the operation
Buildings of the Belgian coast.

331
00:35:34,320 --> 00:35:38,239
This is his foundation for a three-phase action.

332
00:35:38,240 --> 00:35:44,479
In the attack in June they conquer
the Wyteschaete-Messines plateau.

333
00:35:44,480 --> 00:35:50,719
Towards the end of July, the main one follows
attack, and the ultimate goal is Bruges.

334
00:35:50,720 --> 00:35:55,079
When they break through the German defenses,
at the same time, the naval landing begins

335
00:35:55,080 --> 00:36:02,080
and an attack by land forces along the coast,
in order to destroy the German wing.

336
00:36:08,280 --> 00:36:11,719
The June attack
is prepared in detail.

337
00:36:11,720 --> 00:36:17,039
At this training ground, all the British,
Australian and New Zealand soldiers

338
00:36:17,040 --> 00:36:20,559
they receive accurate instructions for action.

339
00:36:20,560 --> 00:36:27,560
They also perform numerous exercises.

340
00:36:29,840 --> 00:36:34,639
For the first time, it is used en masse
another trench weapon:

341
00:36:34,640 --> 00:36:37,919
strong land mines.

342
00:36:37,920 --> 00:36:42,279
This one was used first
on the day of the Battle of the Somme in 1916.

343
00:36:42,280 --> 00:36:46,559
But since January, British
the tunnel diggers work diligently

344
00:36:46,560 --> 00:36:53,560
under the hills of Messina and until June
In 1917, they laid as many as 19 mines.

345
00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:12,480
Many of them are like
civilian tunnel builders and miners.

346
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:20,839
As soon as they finish the tunnel, they fill it with a giant
by the amount of high explosives.

347
00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:24,119
A very dangerous and stressful job.

348
00:37:24,120 --> 00:37:28,359
They are constantly digging
maybe the Germans tunnels too.

349
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:32,639
The Germans are trying to activate
mines under British tunnels.

350
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:39,640
Sometimes the tunnels would merge
and they fought to the death.

351
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:51,600
After placing the explosives,
it should be connected to the detonators.

352
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:03,279
These mechanisms need attention
check that they would turn on when they should.

353
00:38:03,280 --> 00:38:10,280
They blocked the tunnels.

354
00:38:14,240 --> 00:38:18,399
Attacks should be deployed
so that they make the most of it

355
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:25,400
 �ok caused by mines.

356
00:38:28,880 --> 00:38:33,199
All at the same time
explode at dawn on June 7,

357
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:40,200
and the noise of detonation is heard
even in south-eastern England.

358
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:02,359
then attacks the ground.

359
00:39:02,360 --> 00:39:09,360
Stunned defenders are fast
overcome and the hill is conquered.

360
00:39:15,680 --> 00:39:20,319
That exemplary attack is an encouragement
for the main offensive at the end of July.

361
00:39:20,320 --> 00:39:25,039
30 British and 4 French
divisions attack 24 km of trenches

362
00:39:25,040 --> 00:39:32,040
after 15 days of barrage fire,
the longest and strongest on record. fear it.

363
00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:48,560
The attack begins on the morning of July 31
and the first results promise a lot.

364
00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:58,480
But it starts in the afternoon
rain falling for the next 10 days.

365
00:39:59,160 --> 00:40:03,439
Solubility disrupts the sensitive
irrigation system in Flanders,

366
00:40:03,440 --> 00:40:10,440
and further bombing and rain
soon they turn the paint into a swamp.

367
00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:18,160
The hope for a quick breakthrough is fading
the naval landing is cancelled.

368
00:40:26,920 --> 00:40:30,159
It was necessary to stop for the soil to dry,

369
00:40:30,160 --> 00:40:37,160
What gives the Germans a break.

370
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:41,359
Whenever there were attacks
rebuilt, the rain would soon follow.

371
00:40:41,360 --> 00:40:45,599
Another one is being developed soon
a long battle to exhaustion.

372
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:52,600
The landscape was reduced to mud and craters
full of water and many drown.

373
00:41:08,240 --> 00:41:13,999
In these terrible conditions, morale
weakens, but the attacks continue.

374
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:19,759
The German must be occupied because
it becomes obvious that the Russians are in disarray.

375
00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:26,760
And the Germans could switch to
west and attack the still fragile French.

376
00:41:50,080 --> 00:41:55,719
At the end of their forces, the British
in November they fight for Passchendaele,

377
00:41:55,720 --> 00:41:59,959
less than 10 km from
of its initial position.

378
00:41:59,960 --> 00:42:04,479
It was won in 15 weeks of struggle
106 square kilometers of mud,

379
00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:11,480
and each 2 and a half square meters
10,000 victims per kilometer.

380
00:42:19,720 --> 00:42:25,439
The end of the third battle for Ypres
it does not mean the end of actions in 1917.

381
00:42:25,440 --> 00:42:29,759
British Tank Corps,
frustrated by the failure in Flanders,

382
00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:33,079
He wants to prove that the tank is winning the war.

383
00:42:33,080 --> 00:42:37,039
They choose the area
away from the mud of Ypres,

384
00:42:37,040 --> 00:42:44,040
limestone hills east of
battle with the Somme, Cambrai region.

385
00:42:53,200 --> 00:42:59,439
At dawn on November 20, 378 tanks
attacks without prior barrage.

386
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:06,440
They are led by General i in the Hilda tank
tank corps commander.

387
00:43:20,120 --> 00:43:27,120
They break through the German positions,
followed by 6 infantry divisions.

388
00:43:30,360 --> 00:43:37,360
By nightfall, they penetrate 8 km. It appears to be
the long-awaited turnaround was achieved.

389
00:43:38,080 --> 00:43:44,039
In Britain, church bells are ringing happily
they are ringing for the first time since the beginning of the war.

390
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:51,040
Too early!

391
00:43:52,280 --> 00:43:56,479
It's only the next day
40 tanks ready for action,

392
00:43:56,480 --> 00:44:02,079
and the Germans regroup. Until the end
in November they advance another 3 km,

393
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:06,239
but the Germans then
they launch a violent counterattack

394
00:44:06,240 --> 00:44:12,319
and reject the British
almost to the initial positions.

395
00:44:12,320 --> 00:44:17,439
That's how it is on the western side
it starts later than in previous years.

396
00:44:17,440 --> 00:44:24,440
The Allies are gloomier than ever.

397
00:44:28,680 --> 00:44:33,679
After the October Revolution of 1917
Russia no longer participates in the war

398
00:44:33,680 --> 00:44:40,680
and the Germans to the west
they transfer additional units.

399
00:44:40,960 --> 00:44:45,119
Americans still have only
symbolic forces in France,

400
00:44:45,120 --> 00:44:49,639
and the British and French exhausted
since the offensive in 1917, they have no choice

401
00:44:49,640 --> 00:44:56,640
but to wait defensively
inevitable German counterattack.

402
00:44:58,320 --> 00:45:02,479
The Germans are perfecting
a new type of attack,

403
00:45:02,480 --> 00:45:06,839
tested on the palette i
in a counterattack in the Cambrai region.

404
00:45:06,840 --> 00:45:12,999
They are led by specially trained stormtroopers
to bridge the center of resistance

405
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:18,439
and progress as quickly as possible
into the depth of the enemy's defense.

406
00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:25,440
A short barrage first isolates
background positions and destroy links.

407
00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:37,639
The Germans first such blow
should give the British,

408
00:45:37,640 --> 00:45:42,759
separate them from the French and drive them away
to the north, facing the Canal.

409
00:45:42,760 --> 00:45:45,959
Two factors are in their favor.

410
00:45:45,960 --> 00:45:50,119
horrified by the slaughter in the 3rd battle
at Ypres, Lloyd George

411
00:45:50,120 --> 00:45:54,279
partially interrupts sending
reinforcements in France.

412
00:45:54,280 --> 00:46:01,280
Haig thus has a smaller battalion
strength than the previous year.

413
00:46:04,040 --> 00:46:08,919
But he agreed with the French,
which also lack manpower,

414
00:46:08,920 --> 00:46:14,839
to take over an additional 40 km
battlefield south across the river Oise.

415
00:46:14,840 --> 00:46:21,840
It happens in January, but it should
a lot of work on the defensive line.

416
00:46:29,360 --> 00:46:36,279
Positions not yet finalized when
The Germans attack on March 21, 1918.

417
00:46:36,280 --> 00:46:42,279
Dense fog favors attackers
during the attack at dawn on the 102 km line.

418
00:46:42,280 --> 00:46:49,280
They break through quickly,
except in the far north.

419
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:10,199
In the south, it is overstretched
The 5th army is retreating soon,

420
00:47:10,200 --> 00:47:14,679
and victorious stormtroopers
they capture many soldiers.

421
00:47:14,680 --> 00:47:21,680
Haig asked the French to
hurry up with sending the vouchers. They are.

422
00:47:27,920 --> 00:47:32,519
At the same time, it is allied
French general Ferdinand Foch

423
00:47:32,520 --> 00:47:37,319
officially appointed yes
closely coordinates actions.

424
00:47:37,320 --> 00:47:40,519
German penetration is slowing down.

425
00:47:40,520 --> 00:47:47,520
Criminals get tired and rob
well stocked British supplies.

426
00:47:49,080 --> 00:47:53,239
Breakthrough is finally here
stopped before Amiens.

427
00:47:53,240 --> 00:47:57,399
All that is British in 1916.
won at the Somme, it was lost,

428
00:47:57,400 --> 00:48:01,759
but also some other areas.
The Allies suffered a nasty �ok,

429
00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:07,279
but the Germans were not done yet.

430
00:48:07,280 --> 00:48:11,919
Not even a week after the end of the offensive,
On April 9, they attack again

431
00:48:11,920 --> 00:48:18,079
on the river Lys,
along the Belgian border.

432
00:48:18,080 --> 00:48:21,279
The first victims were the Portuguese.

433
00:48:21,280 --> 00:48:26,559
The British are the oldest ally
persuaded to go to war in March 1916,

434
00:48:26,560 --> 00:48:30,999
primarily for the Portuguese to defend
African colonies from the Germans.

435
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:37,359
Portugal also sent a small one
contingent of soldiers to France.

436
00:48:37,360 --> 00:48:41,559
The fog gets involved again and
The Portuguese were soon defeated.

437
00:48:41,560 --> 00:48:45,719
But the Germans failed again
keep the initial advantage.

438
00:48:45,720 --> 00:48:52,720
Allies until the end of the 4th month. they believe
defense and stop penetration.

439
00:48:56,160 --> 00:49:00,319
Hindenburg and Ludendorff
now they turn to the French.

440
00:49:00,320 --> 00:49:04,479
At the end of May they attack
Chemin des Dames in the hope that it will

441
00:49:04,480 --> 00:49:10,599
drive away the French reserves
in order to attack the British again.

442
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:14,359
There's fog again,
allies of attackers.

443
00:49:14,360 --> 00:49:21,360
in 4 days they will arrive on the Marne,
That is a progression of 48 km.

444
00:49:24,320 --> 00:49:31,320
It is too heavily defended to
broke through, and they are running out of stock.

445
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:40,199
Two American divisions
help defend Marna,

446
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:44,679
and the Germans are dragging their heels
moves due to American numbers.

447
00:49:44,680 --> 00:49:48,959
On June 9, they attack again,
this time along the river Oise.

448
00:49:48,960 --> 00:49:53,119
But the French now
they know German tactics

449
00:49:53,120 --> 00:50:00,120
and allow a small penetration before
that they counterattack on the wings.

450
00:50:02,280 --> 00:50:07,119
The Germans have 800 thousand
 �victim from its 4 attacks.

451
00:50:07,120 --> 00:50:10,319
Their strength and morale are weakening.

452
00:50:10,320 --> 00:50:17,320
Ludendorff still wants one more time
grab a decisive victory.

453
00:50:22,680 --> 00:50:29,680
Accumulating 52 divisions,
On July 15, Champagne attacks.

454
00:50:39,560 --> 00:50:42,719
Mainly French
defense retreats

455
00:50:42,720 --> 00:50:47,239
and when the raiders attack them,
it is already beyond the range of the artillery.

456
00:50:47,240 --> 00:50:54,240
French and Americans, at the helm
with tanks, attack the wings again.

457
00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:09,759
German gambling fails
move to win the war in the west

458
00:51:09,760 --> 00:51:14,999
before that
Americans schedule.

459
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:19,879
They are running out of manpower and they don't have any
choice but to retreat on the defensive

460
00:51:19,880 --> 00:51:26,879
and wait for the inevitable counterattack.

461
00:51:29,879 --> 00:51:33,879
Taken from www.titlovi.com